Overview of the Genitive Singular in Latin Declensions

When you are trying to translate a Latin noun into English or English into Latin, you should know which of the five declensions the noun falls into. If you know the declension and the dictionary forms of a noun, youre set. For instance, the word puella, a first declension word that will be listed as puella, -ae, f. or something similar in the dictionary, is feminine (thats what the f. stands for; m. stands for masculine and n. stands for neuter) and is first declension, as you can tell from the second part of the dictionary listing, here; -ae. The genitive (cÄ sus patricus paternal case in Latin) is the name for this second form (-ae for the first declension) and is easy to remember as the equivalent of a possessive or apostrophe-s case in English. Thats not its complete role, though. In Latin, the genitive is the case of description. The use of one genitive noun limits the meaning of another noun, according to Richard Upsher Smith, Jr., in A Glossary of Terms in Grammar, Rhetoric, and Prosody for Readers of Greek and Latin: A Vade Mecum. There are five declensions in Latin. The genitive ending is used in the dictionary because each of the five declensions has its own genitive form. The five genitive terminations are: -ae-Ä «-is-us-eÄ « An example from each of the 5 declensions: puellae - the girls (puella, -ae, f.)servÄ « - the slaves (servus, -Ä «, m.)principis - the chiefs (princeps, -ipis, m.)cornÃ… «s - the horns (cornÃ… «, -Ã… «s, n.)dieÄ « - the days (dies, -eÄ «, m.)

Bad Side of Advertising - 1445 Words

Advertising is an important method of competition, especially in industries that are highly concentrated. Where companies are unable to compete on price, advertising is fundamental to promote the subtle differences between products. Advertising has gone beyond informing people of the benefits of a product and how to obtain it and has moved into the area of market creation, Hiding behind globalization and partial truths, advertising has become morally questionable by promoting gluttony, vanity, materialism, and other unhealthy ways of thinking in order to create artificial product needs in consumers. Advertising is an excellent form of communication. Advertising delivers a wealth of information to consumers on varying topics including†¦show more content†¦Children believe what they are told and may even assume that they are being deprived if they do not have an advertised product. In grocery stores, toys and candy are placed at the eye level of toddlers riding in the seat of the shopping cart. The average child sees more than 40,000 thousand commercials each year, the majority of which promote sugared cereals, candy, fatty foods, and toys (The Role of Media in Childhood Obesity). With one in five children in the United States being severely overweight, obesity in children has reached epidemic status. Obese children now suffer from diseases, such as insulin dependent diabetes, that used to only occur in adults (Torgan). Overweight kids tend to become overweight adults, continuing to put them at greater risk for heart disease, high blood pressure and stroke. The conditioning by marketers in childhood follows into adulthood. As adults, Americans seem to ignore the healthy standards based on science and research and continue to fall prey to advertisements for McDonalds, Wendys, Burger King, and other fast food establishments. Approximately 39.8 million American adults, approximately 1 in 6, are obese, making America the fattest nation on earth (Teresi). Despite the fact that a healthy diet, normalized weight, and moderate activity can delay or prevent heart disease, 22 million adults suffer from heart disease resulting in more than 280,000 deaths each year and the increasedShow MoreRelatedThe Good and Bad Side of Advertising1657 Words   |  7 Pages Compare and Contrast the ‘Good’ and ‘Bad’ side of Advertising PLAN TITLE: Compare and contrast the ‘good’ side and ‘bad’ side of advertising. PATTERN: Block Format INTRODUCTION CONTEXT: Communal Issue SUBJECT: Advertisements LIMITED SUBJECT: ‘good’ and ‘bad’ side ISSUE: compare, contrast THESIS: It states the similarities and differences but in emphasis on ‘good’ and ‘bad’ side of advertising. Similarities- â€Å"Good† side of Advertising Paragraph 1: Creates deep impression. 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Study Into Upper Limb Tremor Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(235) " A larger figure of participants have been utilised in the survey by Louis and his co-workers ‘ \( 2001 \) to determine the impact of indispensable shudder towards functional disablement by utilizing a disablement questionnaire\." Upper limb shudder is defined as the rhythmical, nonvoluntary agitating motion happening at any parts of the upper appendage such as shoulder, cubitus, carpus or fingers ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ; Siresena, 2009 ) . The happening of shudder during task public presentation can be badly disenabling. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Into Upper Limb Tremor Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Patients may hold important physical damage ( Feys et al. , 2003 ; Heroux et al. , 2006 ; Louis et al. , 2001 ) and a markedly decrease quality of life due to quake ( Louis A ; Rios, 2009 ; Nguyen et al. , 2007 ) . Burdening schemes are widely recommended to cut down shudder. Occupational therapy text edition ( Pedretti A ; Early, 2001 ; Radomski A ; Trombly, 2008 ) suggest the usage of leaden utensils and leaden carpus turnups to ease public presentation in day-to-day life undertakings. Leaden contraptions are besides commercially available for people with upper limb shudder regardless of their types. Despite the broad acknowledgment of burdening schemes to relieve shudder, there is presently no systematic grounds to back up the usage these schemes as effectual methods to cut down shudder. Therefore, the concern of this systematic reappraisal was to underscore the effects of burdening schemes on people with different types of upper limb shudder basically for occupational therapy service suppliers. CLASSIFICATIONS OF TREMOR Harmonizing to the Movement Disorder Society, shudder may attest in two different conditions ; remainder and action ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ) . Tremor which occurs in a organic structure portion that is non supported against gravitation and non voluntarily activated is called remainder shudder while action shudder refers to any sort of shudder that is produced by voluntary contraction of musculuss looking during the public presentation of an activity ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ; Jankovic A ; Fahn, 1980 ) . Action shudder which consists of postural shudder, kinetic shudder and isometric shudder ( Table 1 ) may besides look on both sides of the organic structure or one-sidedly. The visual aspect of shudder can be described by its frequence ; either it is low ( lt ; 4 Hz ) , medium ( 4-7 Hz ) or high ( gt ; 7 Hz ) . Table 1: Definitions of Action Tremor Postural shudder Tremor which is produced while keeping a place against gravitation. Kinetic shudder Tremor which occurs during any voluntary motion. 2.1 Simple kinetic shudder Kinetic shudder which occurs during voluntary motions that is non target-directed. 2.2 Intention shudder Kinetic shudder which occurs during visually guided motions where the amplitude of shudder additions towards the terminal of motion. 2.3 Task-specific shudder Kinetic shudder that appears during specific activities. Isometric shudder Tremor which occurs as a consequence of musculus contraction against a stiff stationary object. Tremor can besides be addressed diagnostically harmonizing to specific syndromes. Harmonizing to Deuschl et Al. ( 1998 ) , the syndromic categorization of shudder is the footing for farther probe and curative processs. Twelve classs have been suggested ; physiologic shudder, enhanced physiologic shudder syndrome, indispensable shudder syndromes, dystonic shudder syndromes, parkinsonian shudder syndromes, cerebellar shudder syndromes, Holmes ‘ shudder, palatine shudder syndrome, drug-induced and toxic shudder syndromes, shudder syndromes in peripheral neuropathy, psychogenetic shudder and unclassified shudders ( Table 2 ) . Table 2: Syndromic categorization of shudder Physiologic shudder Tremor which is present in every normal topic and every articulation or musculus that is free to hover. Enhanced physiologic shudder syndrome Easy visibleness of shudder, chiefly postural and high frequence. No grounds of underlying neurologic disease ; the cause of shudder is normally reversible Essential shudder syndromes Bilateral, mostly symmetrical postural or kinetic shudder affecting custodies and forearms that is seeable and relentless. Dystonic shudder syndromes Tremor in a organic structure portion affected by dystonia. Parkinsonian shudder Syndromes Pathologic shudder in patients with Parkinson ‘s disease with bradykinesia. Cerebellar shudder syndromes Pure or dominant purpose shudder, one-sided or bilateral. Holmes ‘ shudder Rest and purpose shudder with sometimes irregular presentation. Palatal shudder syndromes Rhythmical motions of the soft roof of the mouth. Drug-induced and toxic shudder syndromes Tremor occurs in a sensible time-frame following drug consumption or poisoning. Tremor syndromes in peripheral neuropathy Tremor develops in association with a peripheral neuropathy Psychogenic shudder Tremor which its amplitude lessenings during distraction. Unclassified shudder Tremor which can non be classified. CAUSES OF TREMOR Despite assorted categorizations of shudder have been established, the causes of shudder remain unknown. Tremor is frequently described to tie in certain diseases including familial diseases such as Parkinson ‘s disease and besides metabolic diseases ( e.g. thyrotoxicosis ) . These conditions are frequently accompanied by the happening of one or more phenomenon of shudder to certain organic structure parts ( Jankovic A ; Fahn, 1980 ) . Besides, shudder is normally seen in people with intellectual diseases such as multiple induration ( Alusi et al. , 2001 ; Koch et al. , 2007 ) every bit good as in peripheral neuropathies patients ( e.g. Guillain-Barre syndrome ) where postural shudder normally manifests. Tremor may besides happen in people with idiopathic diseases and sometimes look due to other external and internal factors such as drugs and intoxicant consumption ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ) . Badness of shudder may besides be increased due to factors such as anxiousness, empha sis, weariness, hungriness, febrility or excessively much of caffeine consumption ( Bear et al. , 2006 ) . THE IMPACT OF UPPER LIMB TREMOR Most of the undertakings in day-to-day lives require complex manus use. Upper limb action shudder has proven to be more interfering in day-to-day life activities because it is activated by motion ( Feys et al. , 2003 ; Heroux et al. , 2006 ; Louis et al. , 2001 ) and may look bilaterally or one-sidedly. Harmonizing to a cross-sectional survey conducted by Feys et Al. ( 2003 ) , upper appendage shudder of their 32 multiple induration respondents was perceived to interfere their day-to-day life activities peculiarly in undertakings necessitating all right motor accomplishments such as feeding, imbibing, personal hygiene and written communicating. These findings were elicited from both standardized observations of 16 points in Functional Independence Measure ( FIM ) and a structured interview necessitating the participants to rate the degree of intervention of shudder in the FIM points, shaving or using make-up, picking up a pen, handwriting, runing a distant control, family and leisure activities. A larger figure of participants have been utilised in the survey by Louis and his co-workers ‘ ( 2001 ) to determine the impact of indispensable shudder towards functional disablement by utilizing a disablement questionnaire. In this survey, 85 per centum ( 76 respondents ) of the 89 respondents have reported disablement on more than one point on the questionnaire ( Louis et al. , 2001 ) . However, the relationship between disablement and upper limb shudder in both aforesaid surveies was non really clear because other symptoms of multiple induration may besides act upon the degree of independency in day-to-day life accomplishments. A descriptive case-series survey conducted by Heroux and his co-workers ( 2006 ) to 30 participants with indispensable shudder has besides described disablement in relation to upper limb shudder from another dimension. The survey was designed to find the extent of disablement in the survey population by utilizing time-based, standardized steps of upper appendage map ( Heroux et al. , 2006 ) . Significant differences have been determined between the topics with indispensable shudder in comparing to 28 healthy controls in different degrees of all right pinch clasp, gross grasping, object transit, and preciseness arrangement undertakings supplying a better grounds of the impact of upper limb shudder on manus use undertakings. In drumhead, the extent of disablement is high for people with upper limb shudder in conformity to activities of day-to-day life undertakings and manus use undertakings. This may hold a negative impact on quality of life and self esteem of an single and require extreme attending. Therefore, this survey focuses on shudder that occurs on the upper appendage during public presentation of undertakings ( postural and intention shudder ) . SIGNIFICANCE OF UPPER LIMB TREMOR The intervention effects in this survey were observed merely on upper limb postural and purpose shudders based these grounds: The gilded criterion of categorization of shudder is clinical categorization ( Deuschl et al. , 1998 ) . Disabling pathological shudders of the upper limb manifested largely by postural and intention shudders ; indispensable shudder syndromes ( postural and intention shudder ) , parkinsonian shudder syndromes ( remainder and postural shudder ) , and cerebellar shudder syndromes ( purpose shudder ) . Handss are the most common site for shudder to attest ( Siresena, 2009 ) . Subsequently, the prevalence of upper limb shudder is presumptively high as indispensable shudder is found to be as one of the most common neurological motion upsets ( Louis, 2005 ) and upper appendage shudder is reported to happen in approximately one tierce of patients holding multiple induration ( Alusi et al. , 1999 ) . The act of keeping manus place against gravitation and executing target-directed motions utilizing the custodies are of import in undertaking completion, therefore shudder happening at these phases have a major impact of functional public presentation and leads to disablement in the battle of activity ( Feys et al. , 2003 ; Heroux et al. , 2006 ; Louis et al. , 2001 ) . The findings are extremely of import and relevant to occupational therapy. LITERATURE REVIEW The intent of this subdivision is to reexamine the primary literature relevant to upper limb shudder. Literature of the bing processs used to cut down shudder, burdening schemes, methods to mensurate shudder, taking to the intent and aims of this systematic reappraisal will be reviewed. OTHER EXISTING PROCEDURES Primary literature was reviewed to seek for other bing processs normally used to handle upper limb shudder besides burdening schemes. From the hunt, it can be assumed that the major intervention end of upper limb shudder is to minimise functional disablement and better quality of life. Treatment methods available include pharmacotherapy, and surgical processs. In some patients, indispensable shudder can be partly suppressed by medicine. Diagnostic drug intervention is tailored harmonizing to the types of shudder ( Charles et al. , 1999 ) . For illustration, parkinsonian shudder requires the effects of drug from combination of L-dopa and carbidopa to stamp down shudder. On the other manus, indispensable shudder may be relieved by propranolol or Mysoline while isioniazid may be utile in handling cerebellar shudder associated with multiple induration. Similarly, propranolol may command intoxicant backdown shudder while clonazepam may cut down orthostatic shudder. Although drugs may cut down shudder continuity, the effects on shudder is normally impermanent and accompanied by side effects. In a non-randomized, comparative survey of 25 patients who received long-acting propranolol 80-160 mg/day and 25 who received primidone 50-250 milligram at bedtime. Approximately 10 per centum of the patients experienced short-run side effects ( faint and bradycardia ) and 20 per centum of them experienced long-run side effects ( bradycardia, weariness, and erectile disfunction ) that required discontinuance of therapy ( Koller et al. , 1989 ) . Alternatively, surgical methods such as thalamotomy and deep encephalon stimulation are normally considered in terrible instances where primary drug therapy fails to command the happening of shudder ( Chan A ; Swope, 2003 ) . Thalamotomy is a surgical technique based on theories that lesion in ventralis intermedius karyon of the thalamus will interrupt shudder activity. Thalamotomies are normally performed to one side of the encephalon which is contralateral to the badly affected limb. The efficaciousness of one-sided thalamotomy is high, with more than 80 % of patients sing durable suppression of shudder ( Schuurman et al. , 2000 ) . However, uncomplete lesioning of the ventralis intermedius will ensue in mild residuary shudder or re-emergence of shudder. On the other manus, the most recent surgical attack, deep encephalon stimulation ( DBS ) besides has been proven to successfully relieve shudder without making a lasting lesion as a consequence of thalamotomy ( Della Flora et al. , 2010 ) . However, the disadvantages of both surgical processs are dearly-won and increased potency hazard of redness and infection ( Chan A ; Swope, 2003 ) . Weight Scheme Burdening schemes is a common method used to stamp down the happening of nonvoluntary tremorogenic conditions of the custodies. The attack has persisted in some rehabilitation scenes since the first clip limb weighting was being introduced to a group of patients with upper limb shudder in early 1960s ( Chase et al. , 1965 ) . Assorted theoretical thoughts have been created to explicate the pertinence of burdening schemes for this population. One of the theories proposed that adding sufficient tonss to a section of the organic structure exerts suppressive control over motor fluctuation ( Schalow et al. , 2005 ) . Harmonizing to dynamic systems theory, motion forms are influenced by undertaking restraints ( e.g. weight of utensils ) and personal features ( e.g. neurophysiological factors ) . It is plausible that the thought of utilizing weights to relieve parkinsonian shudder has persisted because of an feeling that the size of shudder of an object held in the manus may be reduced. The effects of limb weighting are believed to ease co-contraction and stableness of musculuss by increasing proprioceptive input to the cerebellum from the centripetal variety meats of the musculuss and articulations ( Wood A ; Eames, 1989 ) . On the other manus, it has besides been hypothesized that the usage of weights on dist al portion of the limb will suppress the being of shudder due to muscle weariness ( Wood A ; Eames, 1989 ) . Common weighting schemes for people with upper limb shudder are weighted wrist turnup and leaden utensils/appliances. Leaden carpus turnup is Weighted utensils is In occupational therapy, compensation techniques are utile to optimise map upon disablement. The commissariats of weights have been supported in old occupational therapy literature ( Wood A ; Eames, 1989 ) . In contrast to the theories by Wood and Eames ( 1989 ) , long term usage of leaden AIDSs were found to hold negative effects on the happening of shudder ( Kovich A ; Bermann, 1988 ) . The remotion of leaden AIDSs will take to hyperbole of shudder due to gradual adjustment of the upper appendage musculuss to the excess weight provided by the weights ( Kovich A ; Bermann, 1988 ) . Furthermore, the penchant of the type of leaden AIDSs ( wrist turnup and weighted utensils ) has besides been a conflicting issue as the latter 1s are non easy modified and controlled ( Dahlin-Webb, 1986 ) . In the state of affairs of persons with upper appendage shudder, the commissariats of leaden AIDSs to the upper appendage have been a common method to handle the job. Leaden carpus turnups which were designed to supply opposition to dorsal surface of the manus have been the most preferable method to cut down shudder ( Dahlin-Webb, 1986 ) . Alternatively, ready-made leaden equipments such as leaden utensils are besides commercially available for the same intent. TREMOR MEASUREMENT The effectivity of a intervention process can be determined by measuring the primary or secondary impacts of shudder to a peculiar individual ( Bain, 1998 ) . Primary consequence refers to direct impact of the intervention process on shudder features such as frequence of shudder and besides the degree of shudder badness while secondary consequence refers to alter in the individual ‘s functional public presentation or life position. Therefore, the usage of a multidimensional attack of nonsubjective and subjective result steps is valuable to measure the effectivity of leaden AIDSs. There are four methods to accomplish the intent of survey which include physiological techniques, subjective clinical steps, nonsubjective functional public presentation trials and impact of shudder on patients ‘ lives ( Bain, 1998 ) . Accelerometry Tremor was recorded in the plane of flexure and extension of the manus with illumination piezoresistive accelerometers, base on balls set DC i? 100 Hz, mounted on the back of the manus between the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals with surgical tape. Tremor frequence and magnitude were measured with a Solartron 1220 Signal Processor. On the footing of 1-min samples of shudder a computation was made of the norm of six spectra derived from overlapping samples of shudder within the 1-min period. The spectra ranged from DC 50 Hz with 500 lines of spectral declaration and 90 dubnium dynamic scope. For moderate to terrible shudder, the averaged spectrum has a individual dominant extremum. The magnitude of acceleration at extremum was converted into supplanting arithmetically. For mild indispensable shudder the averaged spectrum typically had important constituents at a wide spread of frequences reflecting its multiple constituent beginnings, as is the instance for normal physiological shudder. This was true for both shudder recorded during undertakings and maintained position. The magnitude of mild indispensable shudder was characterised by the magnitude of the largest constituent nowadays. It should be noted that as tremor badness increased the figure of extremums greater than 50 % of the magnitude of the dominant spectral extremum decreased, be givening towards zero if harmonics were excluded. Accelerometry was performed on each patient during kept up position, when keeping a cup full of H2O and whilst transporting out a tracking undertaking. Volumetric appraisal The patients were required to keep a 100ml cup full of H2O between the pollex and finger with the cubitus supported and flexed by about 20A ° with the forearm in a semi-prone place and somewhat elevated, as if about to raise the cup to imbibe. The cup was made of plastic, weighed 20 g, had a 5 centimeter diameter, was 6 cm deep, and was ab initio full to the lip with H2O. The cup was held for 1 minute after which a measuring was made of the liquid staying in the cup. Volumetric appraisals were made three times for each manus and the agencies of the values for each manus employed in the consequences. Tracking undertaking The patients were tested with joystick trailing of a consecutive mark line which swept horizontally across the center of a 10 centimeter storage CRO screen. The tracking missile was a similar line which had to be maintained in super-imposition on the mark line. Both mark and missile were externally controlled so that they moved abreast at the same speed. The topic was seated in forepart of the CRO at normal sing distance. The control stick was mounted on the arm of the chair and was held between the pollex and fingers of the manus with forearm supported. The control stick control adjusted the perpendicular disparity of the missile so that any unwanted manus motion would do the projectile hint to hover above and below the intended flight. Each test consisted of a 1-minute expanse of the hints across the screen. Tracking mistake was characterised by the integral of the modulus of the distance of the projectile hint from a 1 millimeter deep impersonal zone about the mark. The system was tested on 15 healthy control topics who all produced zero mistake, irrespective of the manus used. In the instance of the patients tracking appraisals were made three times for each manus and the mean of the tonss ( for each manus ) utilized. Spirography The patients were instructed to pull a coiling with each manus in bend, with the pen held in a normal manner. The shudder seeable in a spiral was the independently scored ( from 0-10 ) by three â€Å" blind † raters, with zero bespeaking a normal spiral and ten an highly quavering one. The agency of the three raters ‘ tonss for each patient were used in the consequences, with each manus scored individually. Significance TO OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY What is a systematic reappraisal? What are the groundss that it is the best solution? AIMS OF STUDY To analyze the effectivity of leaden AIDSs to handle persons with upper limb shudder To analyze the effectivity of different types of leaden AIDSs for persons with upper limb shudder Research OBJECTIVES Aim 1: To analyze the effectivity of leaden AIDSs to handle persons with upper limb shudder Aims: To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb on shudder frequence To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the degree of badness of shudder To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the functional public presentation of the person with shudder To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the quality of life position of the person with shudder To find the consequence of leaden AIDSs on the disablement position of the person with shudder Aim 2: To analyze the effectivity of different types of leaden AIDSs for persons with upper limb shudder Aim: To compare the results of leaden carpus turnups and weighted utensils following upper limb shudder 1.10 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Question 1: Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb an effectual method to handle persons with upper limb shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb of persons with shudder reduce/increase the upper limb shudder frequence? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb of persons with upper limb shudder reduce/increase the degree of badness of shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb improve/decline the functional public presentation of the person with shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb improve/decline the quality of life of the person with shudder? Does the proviso of leaden AIDSs on the upper limb improve/decline the disablement position of the person with shudder? Question 2: Which type of leaden assistance is the most effectiveness to better the results following upper limb shudder? Leaden carpus turnup Weighted utensils Summary This chapter has described the country of focal point of the survey including an account of upper limb shudder, current intervention available, background literature and relevancy to the field of occupational therapy. The research aims and inquiries have been set and initial justification for the methodological analysis of pick explained. How to cite Study Into Upper Limb Tremor Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Usability Test Report

Question: Describe the aims, method,results and evaluation discussion of HSBC? Answer: 1. Aims The main aim of this report is to define the re-prototype mobile app for HSBC bank. In the mobile app of HSBC bank, developer included various functionalities according to the user demand such as money transfer, managing account, information of account etc. This report aims to describe the re-prototype of mobile apps of HSBC bank where developers create a new drop down button in their app for the user. Through this button, user of HSBC bank is able to access their previous recipients. Apart from that, this button allows user to review about their account at least one year with more control in design. However, user interface after re-prototype of the mobile app of HSBC bank reduce burden in order to use other tools where user find all relevant information about the bank. Moreover, this report aims in making a comparison with the major competitors after re-designed the mobile app for HSBC bank in terms of ensuring that re-prototype version of mobile app for HSBC bank will provide greater advantage to the HSBC bank rather than their competitors such as Barclays, Citigroup Inc, The Royal Bank of Scotland, etc. 2. Method 2.1 Experimental Design In this report, researcher identifies problems of existing mobile banking app for HSBC. After identifying the problems of mobile banking app of HSBC bank, this report describes the relevant solutions that help in providing better user experience to the customer. In order to design this report and make the possibility of designing report, collected data and record that information. In order to improve mobile banking app for HSBC bank, identify the problems based on collected information along with the comparison of other banking app. In this report, describe the obvious advantage of re-prototype mobile app for HSBC that is practical base. Analyst of this report introduces confounding variables regarding re-prototype of mobile app for HSBC bank instead of describing artificially (Crowther and Lancaster, 2012). In order to support the feasibility of this study, analyst carried out the test result that mentioned in the Appendix part. This is the key advantage of this report because analy st provides the good understanding of the user of HSBC banking app that taken into the test (Hair and Money, 2011). User also provides right information because they were interviewed without going long distance. This procedure prevents the bias information in this report. 2.2 Participants The main participants of this research were users or customers of banking sector in United Kingdom. Majority of participants that joined in the interview program were 18 to 24 years age. Most of the participants are working part time job and they uses bank services daily for various purpose such as buying things, recharge in their mobile phone, view status of their account, bill payment after buying products, etc (Dul and Hak, 2012). Apart from that, those participants mostly use mobile banking and internet banking for daily uses and main feature that important for the participants were management of payments. 2.3 Tasks In order to test the mobile app for HSBC bank and re-prototype of it, following three tasks are chosen by the researcher such as Balance Checking (Answer: Successfully checks current account status) Transaction management (Answer: Identify properly about the transaction value based on search criteria) Management of payments (Answer: Successfully make payment for buying cloths) 2.4 Metrics In order test the mobile app and rebuilding this mobile app for HSBC 10 types of matrices use in this report such as completion rate, problems of usability, task time, errors, expectation, task level satisfaction, conversation and single usability matrices (SUM). 2.5 Materials In order to test the usability of mobile app of HSBC, different types of material used such as excel sheet of participants information, questionnaires, Inc browser, mobile phone, video calling technology, text messaging, etc. 2.6 Procedure Following are the processes of usability testing of mobile app for HSBC bank No. Procedure Details 1 In order to keep the details information that gathered from participants, researcher provides a unique ID for each participant that takes part into the test for mobile banking app for HSBC (Hesse-Biber, 2010). 2 In terms of maintaining security of information that provide by participants and keeping it safe, all participants are asked for signing in a consent form in order to know that their personal information will be used (Lancaster, 2010). 3 Phone was provided that includes with the mobile app for HSBC to participant (Leavy and Hesse-Biber, 2010). 4 In order to test the usability of mobile app for HSBC bank, face-to-face interview was taken in terms of close observations (Lodico and Spaulding, 2010). 5 For completing the test, observer will be tracking the taken time (Saunders et al. 2009). 6 At the end of test, each participants provides there review about the mobile app of HSBC bank along with pros and cons (Magilvy and Thomas, 2009). 7 After complete the test each participants will be faced a post questionnaires by the interview observer regarding usability test of mobile app for HSBC bank (Riege, 2008). 3. Results 3.1 Summary for Overall Findings According to participant 1 named Harold, he was already participated in other usability test service earlier. He belongs from 18 to 24 years age and work part time basis in different companies such as ASDA, TESCO, ALDI, Toyota, T-Mobile, etc. The participant uses bank services that used by them daily basis for bill payment of buying products. The selected participant is the account holder of different branch such as NatWest, Santander, Halifax, HSBC, Lloyds, Barclays, The royal bank, Citigroup etc. Most of the participants use management payment features of mobile banking app. Gathered information displays that majority of participant uses internet banking and mobile banking method daily. According to the Boris, it has been identified that the participant belong 18 to 24 years age and work part time basis in a company. He uses banking service weekly. The user is the account holder of a bank that belongs to his region north Europe. He used the internet banking, telephone banking and mobile banking methods of banking (Cooper and Schindler, 2010). The important features that used by the participant is manage transactions, manage payments, change pin, request duplicable statements. According to the participant 3 named Rachel, he belongs 35 to 45 years age and self employed. He uses bank service weekly and he is the account holder of the bank service of Santander and Halifax bank. In terms of transaction, he used method of internet banking and mobile banking (Brody et al. 2009). Important features that used by the participant are manage transactions, management payments, change pin. From the viewpoint of user 4 named Abdul, he is working part time basis and belongs 18 to 24 years age. He uses banking service daily for various purposes such as payment of buying products, account status checking, recharge in phone, etc. He is the customer of Santander, HSBC, Lloyds, NatWest and Halifax bank. Method of banking that used by the participant is internet banking and telephone banking (Decaro et al. 2009). He used two features such as manage transactions and manage payment. 3.2 Performance Data Q1. Have you participate earlier for usability test? Options Total Respondents Response No. Response Rate (%) Yes 4 4 100% No 4 0 0% Q2. What is your age? Options Total Respondents Response No. Response Rate (%) 18 24 years 4 3 75% 25 34 years 4 0 0% 35 45 years 4 1 25% 46 55 years 4 0 0% Over 5 years 4 0 0% Q3. What is your employment status? Options Total Respondents Response No. Response Rate (%) Full time 4 0 0% Part time 4 3 75% Self Employed 4 1 25% Unemployed 4 0 0% Retired 4 0 0% Q4. How often you used banking service? Options Total Respondents Response No. Response Rate (%) Daily 4 2 50% Weekly 4 2 50% Monthly 4 0 0% Yearly 4 0 0% Never 4 0 0% Q5. Which bank service you used? Options Total Respondents Response No. Response Rate (%) Santander 4 3 75% HSBC 4 2 50% Lloyds 4 1 25% NatWest 4 1 25% Halifax 4 2 50% Other (Please Specify) 4 1 25% Q6. What type of method of bank service do you like to use? Options Total Respondents Response No. Response Rate (%) Internet Banking 4 4 100% Mobile Banking 4 3 75% Telephone Banking 4 2 50% In-branch Banking 4 0 0% Other (Please Specify) 4 0 0% Q7. Which features of bank service importance to you? Options Total Respondents Response No. Response Rate (%) Manage Transactions 4 3 75% Manage Payments 4 4 100% Change Pin 4 2 50% Request Duplicable Statements 4 2 50% Other (Please Specify) 4 0 0% 3.3 Usability Issues Balance Checking When analyst provided mobile phone including mobile banking application to participant, majority of respondent insert wrong bank account number into the account number input bar of the mobile application. Therefore, it shows that wrong bank account number has been given. However, the respondents that provide right account number and click on the details button, they get information about their transaction but date of the transaction does not meet with the criteria of users. Following table shows the details of test 1 Options No. of Respondents Total Respondents Response Rate (%) Selection of Wrong Bank Account number 2 4 50% Click of Details button 1 4 25% Date of Transaction Incorrect 1 4 25% Managing Transactions When researcher test about the managing transaction over selected respondent, it was identified that majority of respondent provide wrong input into the mobile application. Apart from that, there are one respondent out of four unable to identify the button where he click after putting the account number into the mobile app. Here is the table of usability test 2 that shows the error over respondents during usability testing of mobile banking app for HSBC bank Options No. of Respondents Total Respondents Response Rate (%) Selection of Wrong Bank Account number 3 4 75% Click of Details button 1 4 25% Managing Payments When the researcher test the usability of mobile banking app for HSBC bank, identify the several errors such as selection of wrong icon. For instance, majority of respondent press move money icon instead of transfer icon when they want to transfer the money to other account or other (Jin et al. 2009). Apart from that, there were majority of respondents who press transfer money icon when he or she intense to transfer money to other account. Moreover, respondent select wrong bank account number from which they want to transfer to other account. As a result, payment was unsuccessful for the respondents. Furthermore, some of the respondents input wrong standing order details into the mobile app that does not match with the exact standing order details. Options No. of Respondents Total Respondents Response Rate (%) Select wrong bank account number 0 4 0% Selection of wrong icon 2 4 50% Selection of wrong bank account from which transfer the money into other accounts 1 4 25% Input Wrong standing Order details 1 4 25% 3.4 Redesign Recommendations Recommendations 1: In order to mitigate the problem of balance checking, developer of mobile banking app has to design two different search box with separated purpose along with large search button where the term search written instead of icons. Apart from that, search box need to be design for horizontal basis. First search box has to be interlinked with the second box. Second box has to be connected with the database of banking sector. Therefore, it helps the user in putting right account number for check the balance because after putting the account number user identify the bank owner of that particular account. Thus, bank is able to draw the attention of their customer and will be able to provide better service in terms of balance checking. Recommendation 2: In order to manage the transaction via mobile app, HSBC has to design their app that directly link with the banking database. It will helps in drawing attention of the user when they enter wrong account number Apart from that, details button need to attached bellow of the search box. It helps in putting account number correctly without no hesitation because majority of mobile users uses touch screen phone in these days. Recommendation 3: In terms of managing payments, HSBC or the mobile app developer of HSBC has to design with more user interface. For example, developer has to use word in button instead of icon. For example, replace word instead of icon for move money button. Need to include save bank details after putting information one time. It will help to feel free to user for putting bank details repeatedly. When the user make payment via mobile app, need to add only one box where they put pin number and after click in transfer of move money butting the payment will be successful. 4. Evaluation Discussion This report produces the discussion of re-prototype of mobile app for HSBC bank. The existed mobile app has several problems and in order to identify the problems of mobile app of HSBC bank, researcher selects three different task including balance checking, managing transaction and managing payments. In order to test the usability of existing mobile app of HSBC bank, researcher uses 8 types of matrices such as survey length, survey time, acquisition, screening, etc (Kamath, 2009). In order to test the mobile app usability, researcher selected four respondents named Harold, Boris, Rachel and Abdul. For collecting the information from respondents, researcher uses various materials such as Inc browser, questionnaires, email, text messaging, video calling, participant information sheet (refer to appendix), etc. Apart from that, common industry format for usability test had been maintain by the researcher in this report. Proper procedures had also been maintained such as signing in a consent paper for use of personal data into research paper, provide unique id to the respondents in terms of keeping the record separately, provide mobile phone including mobile banking app, etc (Park and Rim, 2012). In order to take place the testing method in a proper way, researcher observes the respondents and their operation with close watching. Total seven questions were asked to the four respondents according to the taken task and collect their review for report designing purpose (Qu, 2012). After the interview, it has been identified that majority of the respondents belong 18 to 324 years age and work part time job in different companies. Apart from that, most of the respondents use banking service daily (Tang et al. 2008). Only one respondents uses banking service weekly. Majority of selected respondents use mobile banking and internet banking method for transaction as well as payment (Zhang et al. 2012). Some of them use mobile banking and internet banking service for change the pin. From the three-selected task, it was identified that icons is the big problems. User presses wrong icons during managing payment. Majority of user type wrong account number from which they want to transfer their money into other account (Zhang et al. 2009). 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